Spanish Jupiter Class mine-layers and the SCW
by Richard Baber
Now navel wargaming and history isn`t my thing, I have played naval games and also included ships/landing craft in scenarios I`ve written, but on the whole this aspect of war leave me cold. But a few years back whilst browsing at a boot fair here in Spain I came across this photo which had been used a Christmas postcard by a member of her crew.
Now i had no idea what the vessel was, but could tell by the general layout she was of SCW or WW2 vintage. The single funnel and general layout had me stumped as to her type or class, but I assumed she was Spanish.
Anyway I frequent a FB page dedicated to wargaming the SCW and a few months back they started posting images of ships and talking about the naval aspects wargames of the war. So I took the plunge and asked if anyone could identify the ship - within an hour that legend and font of all knowledge (when it comes to SCW) Bob Cordery (author of the Arriba Espana! rules) came back with the answer - she was a Jupiter Class mine-layer!
Armed with this info I did a bit of internet digging and this is what I discovered:
Commissioned by the Spanish republican Government in 1935, to be built by SECN at Ferrol. All the four vessels of this class fell into rebel hands when the port and facilities came under rebel control. Only three actually served during the SCW with the last not completed until late 1939.
Ships:
Jupiter (F11) completed March
1937
Vulcano (F12) completed August
1937
Marte (F01) completed November
1938
Neptuno (F02) completed November
1939
Stats:
Displacement: 2100tons std;
2600tons loaded
Length: 96M, Breadth: 12M,
Draught: 3.5M
Max speed: 18.5 knots
Powered by two Parsons geared
steam turbines with four Yarrow boilers
Range: 3700 nautical miles @ 12
knots
Crew: 180
Armament:
Júpiter: 2 x 1 - 105/42 SK L/45,
2 x 1 - 76/40 Ansaldo 1917, 3 x 1 - 40/39 Vickers-Terni 1915, 264 mines, 2 DCR
In 1938 the Jupiter was upgraded:
Júpiter: - 2
x 1 - 105/42, 3 x 1 - 40/39; + 4 x 1 - 120/45 Vickers-Armstrong Mk F, 3 x 1 -
20/65 C/38
Vulcano: 4 x 1 - 120/45
Vickers-Armstrong Mk F, 2 x 1 - 88/42 SK L/45, 3 x 1 - 20/65 C/30, 264 mines, 2
DCR
Marte, Neptuno: 4 x 1 - 120/45
Vickers-Armstrong Mk F, 2 x 1 - 76/40 Ansaldo 1917, 3 x 1 - 20/65 C/38, 264
mines, 2 DCR
Service during the Civil War
Due to the lack of destroyers in
the Franco`s fleet, and the potential of their armament, the main mission of
these vessels was not minelaying, but to face Government units in open combat,
despite their slow speed.
Jupiter
Along with Vulcano, Júpiter was
one of the main players in the blockade of international shipping in the ports
of Biscay, where she took part in the capture of several merchantmen,
especially the British Candleston Castle, Dover Abbey and Yorkbrook,
the French Cens and a number of Basque Auxilliary Navy trawlers
during the second half of 1937. She also laid four minefields off
Santander and Gijón, from April to July 1937. The rebel battleship Espana was
lost on 30 April after hitting by accident one of her mines at Santander. There
were only four casualties among España's
crew.
On 17 July, while on patrol off Gijón, Júpiter caught two British cargo ships while they were attempting to run the blockade. One of them, Sarastone, managed to reach the harbor despite being fired on. The other steamer, Candleston Castle, stopped after the minelayer fired two shots across her bows. She was handed over by Júpiter to the auxiliary cruiser Ciudad de Palma, which escorted the captured merchantman to Ferrol. A fruitless sortie was launched from the French port of Saint jean de Luz by the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak and the destroyer HMX Basilisk.
She engaged the Basque Auxiliary Navy destroyer Ciscar on 10 August off Gijón. During this exchange of fire, Júpiter's gunfire accidentally straddled the British destroyer HMS Foxhound. Occasionally, she also provided support fire for the rebel troops inland. On 24 August 1937, after the fall of the port of Santona, Júpiter, along with other naval units was called from Bilbao to watch the British steamer Seven Seas Spray, taken in custody by Nationalist troops while attempting to evacuate Basque troops as part of the ill-fated Santona Agreement between the Italian Corpo truppe Volontarie and the Basque Nationalist Party.
At least five minor vessels
carrying refugees and soldiers of the Republican army where seized by the
minelayer after the fall of the last government's strongholds on northern Spain
by the end of October.[
Towards the end of the war, along with the auxiliary cruiser Mar Negro, she supported the landing of an infantry division on Mahon, Menorca after the Republican surrender of this island, on 9 February 1939. She was one of the units involved in the blockade of Alicante, where thousands of refugees gathered in order to flee Spain when Franco's victory was in sight. Assisted by her sister ships, Jupiter entered the port on 31 March, the day before the official end of the conflict, in order to land the 121st and 122nd battalions of the Galician Regiment.
After the Spanish Civil War, in December 1940, Júpiter carried out an undercover reconnaissance mission around Gibralter with Admiral Canaris and General Lang and a Spanish officer aboard. The goal was to gather intelligence about the British fortifications and boom defenses as a first step toward the proposed Operation Felix.
Vulcano
Vulcano temporarily
blocked the entrance to Gijón of the British merchants Stanray and Stangrove.
At the end of the war in the
north she joined a naval squadron which drove back the steamers Hillfern, Bramhill, Stanhill and Stanleigh off
Cape Peñas, seizing a number of small Republican vessels crowded with refugees
in the process. During this period she shelled,
without success, the British Thorpebay when this steamer
entered the port of the Musel. Between the last months of 1937 and
1939 Vulcano was active in the Mediterranean, where she was
part of the rebel fleet which bombarded Castellon, Burriana and Vinarios on
Christmas Day 1937. She played a key role, along with her sisters ships,
in ferrying troops after Franco's army reach the coast between Valencia and barcelona
in April 1938.
On 17 October 1938, she seized the soviet cargo ship Katayama, of 3,200 tons. She also played a secondary role in the capture of the Greek merchant Victoria by the auxiliary cruiser Mar Cantábrico and the British Stangrove by the gunboat Dato, in the final months of the civil war. All these freighters joined the Spanish merchant fleet at the end of the conflict.
Perhaps the most famous action
of Vulcano is the chase and capture of the Republican Churruca-class
destroyer Jose Luis Diez off Gibraltar, in the course of a battle fought
as close as 50 metres (160 ft) between the ships involved. José
Luis Diez eventually became stranded in Catalan Bay, in the
territory of Gibraltar, the last day of 1938. The destroyer was turned over to
Franco's government after its recognition by Britain as the legitimate
authority in Spain.
She was the leading unit of an aborted landing at Cartagena on 7 March 1939, after the withdrawal of the Republican fleet from its bases and its internment at Bizerte.
On 7th March 1939 just days before the end of the war a small fleet of rebel ships were approaching the port of Cartagena. The operation was mounted on the belief that anti-communist Republicans had taken over the port once the Government navy fled, they expected to sail into an unguarded port and claim the city for Franco. However, loyalist forces retook control of the coastal batteries around the harbour. All the ships received the order of aborting the operation, but two transports, Castillo de Olite and Castillo Peñafiel, didn`t have radios and continued toward Cartagena unaware of the danger! They were the former Soviet steamers Postishev and Smidovich, of 3,545 and 2,485 tons respectively, which had been seized by the Nationalists at high seas. Castillo de Olite was hit by a 381 mm (15 in) shell from the coastal battery at La Parafiel about 4km from the port, which set offammunition stored aboard and she blew up and sunk with a loss of 1477 military and naval personel, the worst loss of live at sea during the Civil War! Meanwhile, Castillo Peñafiel had a narrow escape, harassed by Republican aircraft. In a letter to General Franco, Admiral Francisco Moreno put the blame on Vulcano's commander for his failure to prevent the departure of the freighters, as ordered by Moreno himself. Vulcano apparently gave a green light to the transports after receiving contradicting orders from the high command to proceed.
At the Museo Militar de Cartagena there is a room and display dedicated to this incident, I took these photos during out visit back in May 2024
Along with her sister ships, Vulcano landed two infantry battalions at Alicante on 31 March, the day before the official end of hostilities.
Marte
Marte was the last
minelayer of the class to be commissioned before the end of the civil
war. Marte was released to the Nationalist navy on 11 November
1938. The minelayer departed from El Ferrol in December 1938 to take part in
the chase of the Republican destroyer José Luis Díez, which had
taken shelter in Gibraltar. Given the inexperience of her crew, Marte didn't
play any major role in the neutralization of the Republican warship. Later, in
January 1939, while based at the Port of Palma, Marte participated
in gunnery trials off Majorca and in blockade activities along the
Catalan coast and the Gulf of Leon. In February, she relieved her
sister Júpiter from her blockade duties off Catalonia, and on
21 February she attended a naval parade at Salou. On 7 March 1939, during the
ill-fated landing on Cartagena, Marte loaded troops and cargo
at Castellon before the operation was cancelled. Along with her
sisters, she patrolled the Republican waters off Alicante in the waning days of
the war. Marte took part in one of the last international
maritime incidents of the war on 19 March 1939, when she prevented the British
steamer Stanbrook from entering Alicante. The ship, chartered
by the Republican government, went back to Oran, Algeria. The Stanbrook eventually
reached the Spanish port on 27 March, after the Nationalist side displayed
some indulgency toward the evacuation of refugees in return for the British
recognition of Franco's legitimacy. Two days later, Stanbrook left
Alicante bound for Oran, crowded with at least 2,000 people, one of the last
ships to either enter or flee Republican Spain. Her Welsh skipper,
Captain Archibald Dickson, later killed during the sinking of his ship in World
War II, is today remembered as a hero in Alicante.
You can read more about Capt. Dickson and the Stanbrock too here on this blog:
https://baberonwargames.blogspot.com/2021/03/archibald-dickson-hero-of-alicante.html
Neptuno
Neptuno, the last of the
batch, was not completed until November 1939, seven months after the war was
over.
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